Showing posts with label Child. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Child. Show all posts

Friday, 28 February 2025

HMPV

 

Based on the information available, here's a breakdown of HMPV in India:
Impact in India:

  • HMPV is a recognized respiratory pathogen in India.
  • It contributes to respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children.
  • While it has been present for a long time, there are times of increased reporting, causing concern.
  • Health officials are emphasizing that while it is something to be aware of, in most cases it causes mild illness.
  • It is important to note that those with weakened immune systems can suffer from more severe complications.
    Outbreak Time:
  • Respiratory viruses, including HMPV, tend to circulate more during the winter months.
  • Therefore, increases in HMPV cases are often observed during these periods.
    Affected Age:
  • HMPV can affect individuals of all ages.
  • However, infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe infections.
    Symptoms:
  • Common symptoms include:
    • Fever
    • Cough
    • Runny or stuffy nose
    • Sore throat
    • Wheezing
    • Difficulty breathing
    • fatigue
  • In severe cases, it can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia.
    Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis:
  • Diagnosis typically involves laboratory testing of respiratory samples (e.g., nasal swabs) using techniques like RT-PCR.
    Treatment:
  • There is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV.
  • Treatment focuses on supportive care, such as:
    • Managing fever
    • Providing fluids
    • Relieving respiratory symptoms
    • In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
  • Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
    Prevention:
  • General preventive measures include:
    • Frequent handwashing
    • Covering coughs and sneezes
    • Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
      Vaccination:
  • Currently, there is no widely available vaccine for HMPV.
    Key points to remember:
  • HMPV is a common respiratory virus.
  • Most infections are mild.
  • Vulnerable populations are at higher risk for severe illness.
  • Health officials are monitoring the situation.
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  • While most HMPV infections result in mild, cold-like symptoms, complications can arise, especially in vulnerable populations. Here's a breakdown of potential complications:
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections:

Pneumonia: HMPV can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to pneumonia. This is a serious complication that may require hospitalization.

Bronchiolitis: Particularly in infants and young children, HMPV can cause bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. This can cause significant breathing difficulties and wheezing.

Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.


Exacerbation of Existing Conditions:

HMPV can worsen pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This can lead to increased symptoms and the need for additional medical intervention.


Secondary Bacterial Infections:

A weakened immune system due to HMPV infection can increase the risk of developing secondary bacterial infections, such as bacterial pneumonia.


Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS):

In very severe cases, HMPV can contribute to ARDS, a life-threatening lung condition.


Hospitalization:

Due to the above complications, hospitalization may be necessary, especially for infants, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems. Key factors that increase the risk of complications include:


Young age (especially infants)

Older age

Weakened immune system

Pre-existing respiratory conditions It's important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know experiences severe respiratory symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or persistent wheezing. Translate in Bengali


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ATTACK RATE 
Currently, there is a lack of specific data comparing the attack rates of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) across metropolitan, urban, town, and village settings in India. Existing studies primarily focus on hospital-based data from urban centers. For instance, research conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi identified HMPV in 12% of children under five presenting with acute respiratory infections . Another study from a tertiary care center in Puducherry reported a 5% prevalence of HMPV among patients with influenza-like illness .

Due to the absence of comprehensive, community-based surveillance data encompassing various geographic settings, it's challenging to accurately compare HMPV attack rates between metropolitan, urban, town, and village populations. Implementing widespread surveillance across diverse regions is essential to gain a clearer understanding of HMPV's epidemiology in different community settings.

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Area of HMPV that causes diseases 
and used to detect.

Infecting and Diagnosed Parts of HMPV

1. Infecting Parts of HMPV:

HMPV primarily infects the respiratory system, particularly the lower respiratory tract. The key viral components responsible for infection include:

Glycoprotein (G protein):

Helps the virus attach to host cells in the respiratory tract.

Plays a major role in initial infection by binding to receptors on epithelial cells.


Fusion Protein (F protein):

Facilitates viral entry by fusing the viral envelope with the host cell membrane.

Helps the virus spread from cell to cell.


RNA Genome:

Contains the genetic material needed for viral replication inside host cells.

HMPV


2. Diagnosed Parts of HMPV:

Diagnosis of HMPV is based on detecting the virus in respiratory secretions. The main diagnostic methods target:

Nasal or Throat Swabs:

Collected from the nasopharynx or oropharynx (upper respiratory tract).

Used for detecting viral RNA or antigens.

Respiratory Samples (e.g., Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Severe Cases):

Collected from the lungs in hospitalized patients.

Used in severe cases requiring intensive testing.

Diagnostic Tests:

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects HMPV RNA in respiratory samples.

Immunofluorescence & ELISA: Detects viral proteins (antigens) in samples.


Summary:

Infecting parts: Virus attaches to and enters epithelial cells of the respiratory tract using G and F proteins.

Diagnosed parts: Virus is detected in nasal/throat swabs or lower respiratory samples using RT-PCR or antigen tests.

Acknowledgement: AI
Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay.






Friday, 21 February 2025

āύোāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ / Noro Virus (Diarrhea during this period)

Norovirus

Noro vs Rota

 

Noro and Rota


āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ  āĻ“ āĻĒেāϟেāϰ āϰোāĻ—

Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay 


(āĻāχ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে, āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āύিāύ।)


āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āĻ•ী?

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻ—্āϝাāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāĻāύ্āϟাāϰাāχāϟিāϏেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ, āϝা āĻĒাāĻ•āϏ্āĻĨāϞী āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāĻš āϘāϟাāϝ়। āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ—āĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে:

āĻĄাāϝ়āϰিāϝ়া

āĻŦāĻŽি

āĻŦāĻŽি āĻŦāĻŽি āĻ­াāĻŦ

āĻĒেāϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻĨা āĻŦা āĻ•্āϰ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒ

āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে, āĻāϟি āĻĒাāύিāĻļূāύ্āϝāϤা (āĻĄিāĻšাāχāĻĄ্āϰেāĻļāύ) āϘāϟাāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϝা āĻļিāĻļু, āĻŦāϝ়āϏ্āĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞ āϰোāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻĒāϜ্āϜāύāĻ• āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ•াāϞ

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϏাāϰা āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϘāϟāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϤāĻŦে āĻāϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ াāύ্āĻĄাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় (āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ-āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ) āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়। āĻāχ āĻ‹āϤুāĻ—āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϘāύিāώ্āĻ  āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া, āϝা āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏāϟিāϰ āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻ›āĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়াāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে।

āĻ•্āϞিāύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĄাāϝ়াāĻ—āύোāϏিāϏ

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āύিāϰ্āĻŖāϝ় āĻ•āϰāϤে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻ…āύুāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়:

ā§§. āĻ•্āϞিāύিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ:

āϰোāĻ—ীāϰ āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ—, āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āĻāĻŦং āϏাāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়।

āϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻšāĻ­াāϜāύ āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ…āϤীāϤেāϰ āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝ āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āϜিāϜ্āĻžাāϏা āĻ•āϰা āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ

⧍. āϞ্āϝাāĻŦāϰেāϟāϰি āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা:

āĻŽāϞ āύāĻŽুāύা (Stool Sample) āĻĒāϰীāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ RNA āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়।

RT-PCR āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤি āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏāύাāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϏংāĻŦেāĻĻāύāĻļীāϞ āĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি।

āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻš āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ?

āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ• āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে, āφāĻĒāύি āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻš āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ āϝāĻĻি:

āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϜা⧟āĻ—া: āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞ, āύাāϰ্āϏিং āĻšোāĻŽ, āĻ•্āϰুāϜ āĻļিāĻĒ āĻŦা āĻšোāϏ্āϟেāϞে āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻĄাāϝ়āϰিāϝ়া, āĻŦāĻŽি, āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŽি āĻ­াāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ়।

āĻ‹āϤুāĻ—āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤা: āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে (āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ-āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ) āĻšāĻ াā§Ž āĻ—্āϝাāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāĻāύ্āϟাāϰাāχāϟিāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻুāϰ্āĻ­াāĻŦ āĻšāϞে āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻš āĻ•āϰুāύ।

āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ—েāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ: āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻĄাāϝ়āϰিāϝ়া, āĻŦāĻŽি āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāĻŽি āĻ­াāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻāϟি āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ: āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļে āφāϏা, āĻĻূāώিāϤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦা āĻĒাāύীāϝ় āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦāύা āĻŦাāĻĄ়ে।

āĻĄিāĻĢাāϰেāύāĻļি⧟াāϞ āĻĄাāϝ়াāĻ—āύোāϏিāϏ:

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϰোāĻ—েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŽিāϞ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϝেāĻŽāύ:

āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āϟেāϰিāϝ়াāϞ āĻ—্āϝাāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāĻāύ্āϟাāϰাāχāϟিāϏ: āϏ্āϝাāϞāĻŽোāύেāϞা, āχ-āĻ•োāϞাāχ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏāϜāύিāϤ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ: āϰোāϟা āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ, āĻ…্āϝাāĻĄেāύোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

āĻĢুāĻĄ āĻĒāϝ়āϜāύিং: āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻŦিāώāĻ•্āϰি⧟া।

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āĻŦāύাāĻŽ āϰোāϟা āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ

āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা

āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ›ā§œা⧟?

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒāĻĨāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻšāϞো:

āĻĻূāώিāϤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦা āĻĒাāύি āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ।

āĻĻূāώিāϤ āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽুāĻ– āϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļ āĻ•āϰা।

āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļে āφāϏা।

āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা:

āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϏাāĻŦাāύ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻšাāϤ āϧোāϝ়া (āĻš্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āϏ্āϝাāύিāϟাāχāϜাāϰ āϤāϤāϟা āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āύāϝ়)।

āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻĢāϞ āĻ“ āϏāĻŦāϜি āĻ­াāϞোāĻ­াāĻŦে āϧোāϝ়া।

āϏাāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰিāĻ• āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āĻ­াāϞোāĻ­াāĻŦে āϰাāύ্āύা āĻ•āϰা

āĻ…āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āϤৈāϰি āύা āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•্āώে ⧍ āĻĻিāύ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϰাāĻŽে āĻĨাāĻ•া।

āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻ“ āϝāϤ্āύ

āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ•োāύো āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟিāĻ­াāχāϰাāϞ āĻ“āώুāϧ āύেāχ। āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏাāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻšāϞো āωāĻĒāϏāϰ্āĻ— āωāĻĒāĻļāĻŽ āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āĻĒাāύিāĻļূāύ্āϝāϤা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻ•āϰা।

āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা:

āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒাāύ āĻ•āϰুāύ (āĻ“āφāϰāĻāϏ, āύাāϰāĻ•েāϞেāϰ āϜāϞ)।

āĻŦিāĻļ্āϰাāĻŽ āύিāύ।

āĻļিāĻļুāϰা āĻĒাāύিāĻļূāύ্āϝāϤাāϝ় āĻ­ুāĻ—āϞে āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āύিāύ।

āĻ•āĻ–āύ āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āϝাāĻŦেāύ?

āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻ…āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āύিāύ:

āĻŦাāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦāĻŽি āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া āĻāĻŦং āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰা।

āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϰাāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻŦা āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়া।

āĻŽাāĻĨা āϘোāϰা āĻŦা āĻĻাঁāĻĄ়াāύোāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāϤা āĻ…āύুāĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰা।

āĻļিāĻļুāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ•াāύ্āύাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϚোāĻ–ে āϜāϞ āύা āφāϏা āĻŦা āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϚুāĻĒāϚাāĻĒ āĻĨাāĻ•া।

āϤāĻĨ্āϝāϏূāϤ্āϰ:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/

2. World Health Organization (WHO). Norovirus. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/norovirus

3. Mayo Clinic. Norovirus Infection: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved from: https://www.may

oclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20355296



āύোāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ•োāύ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϘāϟাāϝ়?

Norovirus

1. āĻ•্āϝাāĻĒāϏিāĻĄ āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ (VP1 & VP2)

VP1 (āĻŽূāϞ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ•াāϰী āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ) āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻšিāϏ্āϟো-āĻŦ্āϞাāĻĄ āĻ—্āϰুāĻĒ āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟিāϜেāύ (HBGAs) āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ…āύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•োāώāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϘāϟাāϝ়।

VP2 (āĻ—ৌāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ•াāϰী āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ) āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āϜিāύোāĻŽāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻļীāϞ āϰাāĻ–ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϞিāĻĒি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়াāϝ় āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে।


2. RNA āϜিāύোāĻŽ

āĻāĻ•āĻ•-āϏুāϤোāϝ় RNA āϜিāύোāĻŽ āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϞিāĻĒি āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ āϏংāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϘāϟাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĻাāϝ়ী।

ORF1 āĻ…ংāĻļ RNA-āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ RNA āĻĒāϞিāĻŽাāϰেāϜ (RdRp) āϏāĻš āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ…-āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ•াāϰী āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে, āϝা āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϞিāĻĒিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

ORF2 āĻ“ ORF3 āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻ•্āϝাāĻĒāϏিāĻĄ āĻĒ্āϰোāϟিāύ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰে, āϝা āĻšোāϏ্āϟ āĻ•োāώে āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āχāĻŽিāωāύ āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽāĻ•ে āĻĢাঁāĻ•ি āĻĻিāϤে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে।

āϰোāĻ— āύিāϰ্āĻŖāϝ়ে āφāϰāϟি-āĻĒিāϏিāφāϰ (RT-PCR) āĻ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়?

RT-PCR āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ RNA āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰে, āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে ORF1-ORF2 āϏংāϝোāĻ— āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ (RNA-āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ RNA āĻĒāϞিāĻŽাāϰেāϜ (RdRp) āĻāĻŦং VP1 āϜিāύ)।

āĻāχ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāϟি āύāϰোāĻ­াāχāϰাāϏেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏ্āϟ্āϰেāχāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώিāϤ (highly conserved), āϝা āύিāϰ্āĻ­ুāϞ āϏāύাāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰে।


Which part of Norovirus causes infection?

1. Capsid Proteins (VP1 & VP2)

The VP1 (major structural protein) forms the outer shell and helps the virus attach to host cells by interacting with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on intestinal epithelial cells.

VP2 (minor structural protein) stabilizes the genome inside the capsid and assists in viral assembly and replication.

2. RNA Genome

The single-stranded RNA genome contains genes responsible for viral replication and protein synthesis.

The ORF1 region encodes non-structural proteins, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is essential for viral replication.

The ORF2 and ORF3 regions encode the capsid proteins that enable host infection and immune evasion.


Which part is detected in RT-PCR for diagnosis?

RT-PCR detects Norovirus RNA, specifically targeting conserved sequences in the ORF1-ORF2 junction (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) & VP1 gene region).

This region is chosen because it is highly conserved among different Norovirus strains, allowing accurate identification.


Acknowledgement: AI data.

Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay 



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āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύ (NMC) āĻĄাāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤা āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļিāĻ•া āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖāϝ়āύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে। āĻāχ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļিāĻ•াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āϏāϚেāϤāύāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি, āĻ•āϞāĻ™্āĻ• āĻ•āĻŽাāύো āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–োāĻŽুāĻ–ি āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύেāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝে āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āϟ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒ:


1. **āϏāϚেāϤāύāϤা āĻ“ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা**:

   - āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝাāϤে āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāϚেāϤāύāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāϝ়।

   - āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϚাāĻĒ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύা, āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāĻ•āϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻŽোāĻ•াāĻŦেāϞাāϰ āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻļাāϞা, āϏেāĻŽিāύাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϏেāĻļāύেāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


2. **āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏ্āĻ•্āϰিāύিং**:

   - āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী āĻāĻŦং āĻĄাāĻ•্āϤাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏ্āĻ•্āϰিāύিংāϝ়েāϰ āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝাāϤে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়ে āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽāϝ়āĻŽāϤো āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻ•āϰা āϝাāϝ়।

   - āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻ—োāĻĒāύীāϝ়āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϜোāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝাāϤে āϏāĻŦাāχ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āϚাāχāϤে āύিāϰাāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦোāϧ āĻ•āϰে।


3. **āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা**:

   - āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāύāϏ্āϤাāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦিāĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļ āĻĒāϰিāώেāĻŦা āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻĒāϰাāĻŽāϰ্āĻļāĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

   - āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āϤৈāϰিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒিāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻļেāϝ়াāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻĒেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।


4. **āĻ•াāϜ āĻ“ āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏাāĻŽāĻž্āϜāϏ্āϝ**:

   - āωāϚ্āϚ-āϚাāĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰা āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĒেāĻļাāϜীāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ“ āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āϏাāĻŽāĻž্āϜāϏ্āϝ āĻŦāϜাāϝ় āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϜোāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়া āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

   - āĻŦাāϰ্āύāφāωāϟ āĻāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻ•াāϜেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϏূāϚী, āĻŦিāϰāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻ›ুāϟিāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


5. **āĻ•āϞāĻ™্āĻ• āĻŽোāĻ•াāĻŦিāϞা**:

   - āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĒেāĻļাāϜীāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āĻ•āϞāĻ™্āĻ• āĻ•āĻŽাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āύিāϝ়ে āĻ–োāϞাāĻŽেāϞা āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻĒ্āϰāϚাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāϜāύেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āϚাāχāϤে āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ।


6. **āϏংāĻ•āϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύা**:

   - āĻ—ুāϰুāϤāϰ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏংāĻ•āϟ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āφāϤ্āĻŽāĻšāϤ্āϝাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤা āĻŦা āĻĒ্āϰāϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ, āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āϏংāĻ•āϟ āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āĻĻāϞ āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻšিāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।

   - āϜāϰুāϰি āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāώেāĻŦা āϏāĻšāϜāϞāĻ­্āϝ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


7. **āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻāĻŦং āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āϏংāĻ—্āϰāĻš**:

   - āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাāĻ—ুāϞি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ•্āώেāĻĒāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


8. **āύীāϤি āĻ“ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ**:

   - āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻāĻŽāύ āύীāϤি āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাāϝ়āύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϝা āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨী āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ—্āϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻĻেāϝ়। āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻšāϝ়āϰাāύি, āωāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ।


āĻāχ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļিāĻ•াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•্āϝাāϞ āĻĒেāĻļাāϜীāĻŦী āĻāĻŦং āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻāĻŦং āφāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে, āϝাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•্āϝাāϰিāϝ়াāϰে āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϚাāĻĒেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽুāĻ–ীāύ āĻšāϝ়।

NMC GUIDELINES ON MENTAL FITNESS FOR DOCTORS AND MEDICAL STUDENTS.


41. Yoga in Promoting and Preventing Mental Illness and Developing Resilience for 

Medical Students and Medical Teachers 

Yoga is increasingly recognized as an effective practice for promoting mental health, 

preventing mental illness, and developing resilience among medical students. Regular yoga 

practice reduces stress and anxiety, enhances mood through the production of endorphins, and 

improves mindfulness by helping students stay present and focused. Yoga also plays a crucial 

role in preventing mental illnesses by addressing early signs of mental distress and equipping 

students with healthy coping mechanisms to manage the pressures of medical education. Its 

holistic approach integrates physical, mental, and emotional health, promoting a balanced 

lifestyle that can prevent mental health issues from developing. Furthermore, yoga contributes 

to resilience by enhancing emotional regulation, physical strength, and mental toughness. It 

helps students respond to stressors calmly, promotes a healthy body that supports a healthy 

mind, and encourages introspection and self-awareness.

Medical colleges can integrate yoga into students' lives by organizing regular classes, 

workshops, and seminars, providing resources for self-practice, including yoga in the 

curriculum, and creating a supportive environment that emphasizes the importance of self-care. 

Yoga is a powerful tool for medical students to enhance their emotional well-being, develop 

resilience, and maintain a balanced and healthy lifestyle. Medical colleges can play a key role 

in facilitating this integration and ensuring students benefit from yoga practices. In this 

endeavor, the Departments of Psychiatry, Telemedicine Centre, and Integrative Medicine at 

the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) have developed 

generic yoga and tele-yoga programs tailored for specific mental health conditions. Please see Appendix 6.

43. Sāmājika Sanskriti Campus Council

To mitigate social isolation and enhance the well-being of medical students, it is crucial to 

implement a policy supporting the establishment of diverse social groups within medical 

colleges. These groups could cater to various interests, including arts, cultural activities, and 

academic special interest groups, ensuring every student finds a community. The Sāmājika 

Sanskriti Campus Council could be headed by two senior faculty members (at least one female 

senior faculty) and include three representative medical students from all batches of the year.

Local and professional organizations such as NMO, IMA, Lions club, Rotary club, and so forth 

can be involved in organizing these activities. 

Dedicated resources and spaces may be allocated for these activities, with funds available for 

social, recreational, and leisure events such as wellness lectures, movie nights, one-day picnics, 

drama, singing, dancing, drawing, painting, poster-making, multimedia projects, karaoke, skits, 

and rangoli. Celebrations of festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi, Deepavali, Dussehra, Holi, 

Christmas, and so forth should also be organized by this council. These activities help reduce 

stress and build strong social networks, addressing common causes of suicidal ideation such as 

feelings of alienation and disconnection.

Additionally, the policy should include regular evaluations and feedback mechanisms to 

continuously improve social group initiatives. A quarterly newsletter featuring student 

contributions on various topics such as interests, sports, travels, books read, and movies 

watched can foster a sense of community and shared interest. By integrating social group 

participation into the educational framework and adapting to student needs, medical colleges 

can create a more inclusive and engaging environment that reduces isolation and enhances the 

overall educational experience

HMPV (in Bengali)

 āĻ­াāϰāϤে HMPV āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ­াāϰāϤে āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ: HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) āĻ­াāϰāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏāϝāύ্āϤ্āϰ āϏংāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖāĻ•াāϰী āĻ­াāχāϰাāϏ। āĻāϟি āĻŽূāϞāϤ āĻļিāĻļু āĻ“ ...