Friday, 28 February 2025

HMPV

 

Based on the information available, here's a breakdown of HMPV in India:
Impact in India:

  • HMPV is a recognized respiratory pathogen in India.
  • It contributes to respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children.
  • While it has been present for a long time, there are times of increased reporting, causing concern.
  • Health officials are emphasizing that while it is something to be aware of, in most cases it causes mild illness.
  • It is important to note that those with weakened immune systems can suffer from more severe complications.
    Outbreak Time:
  • Respiratory viruses, including HMPV, tend to circulate more during the winter months.
  • Therefore, increases in HMPV cases are often observed during these periods.
    Affected Age:
  • HMPV can affect individuals of all ages.
  • However, infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe infections.
    Symptoms:
  • Common symptoms include:
    • Fever
    • Cough
    • Runny or stuffy nose
    • Sore throat
    • Wheezing
    • Difficulty breathing
    • fatigue
  • In severe cases, it can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia.
    Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis:
  • Diagnosis typically involves laboratory testing of respiratory samples (e.g., nasal swabs) using techniques like RT-PCR.
    Treatment:
  • There is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV.
  • Treatment focuses on supportive care, such as:
    • Managing fever
    • Providing fluids
    • Relieving respiratory symptoms
    • In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
  • Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
    Prevention:
  • General preventive measures include:
    • Frequent handwashing
    • Covering coughs and sneezes
    • Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
      Vaccination:
  • Currently, there is no widely available vaccine for HMPV.
    Key points to remember:
  • HMPV is a common respiratory virus.
  • Most infections are mild.
  • Vulnerable populations are at higher risk for severe illness.
  • Health officials are monitoring the situation.
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  • While most HMPV infections result in mild, cold-like symptoms, complications can arise, especially in vulnerable populations. Here's a breakdown of potential complications:
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections:

Pneumonia: HMPV can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to pneumonia. This is a serious complication that may require hospitalization.

Bronchiolitis: Particularly in infants and young children, HMPV can cause bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. This can cause significant breathing difficulties and wheezing.

Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.


Exacerbation of Existing Conditions:

HMPV can worsen pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This can lead to increased symptoms and the need for additional medical intervention.


Secondary Bacterial Infections:

A weakened immune system due to HMPV infection can increase the risk of developing secondary bacterial infections, such as bacterial pneumonia.


Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS):

In very severe cases, HMPV can contribute to ARDS, a life-threatening lung condition.


Hospitalization:

Due to the above complications, hospitalization may be necessary, especially for infants, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems. Key factors that increase the risk of complications include:


Young age (especially infants)

Older age

Weakened immune system

Pre-existing respiratory conditions It's important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know experiences severe respiratory symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or persistent wheezing. Translate in Bengali


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ATTACK RATE 
Currently, there is a lack of specific data comparing the attack rates of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) across metropolitan, urban, town, and village settings in India. Existing studies primarily focus on hospital-based data from urban centers. For instance, research conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi identified HMPV in 12% of children under five presenting with acute respiratory infections . Another study from a tertiary care center in Puducherry reported a 5% prevalence of HMPV among patients with influenza-like illness .

Due to the absence of comprehensive, community-based surveillance data encompassing various geographic settings, it's challenging to accurately compare HMPV attack rates between metropolitan, urban, town, and village populations. Implementing widespread surveillance across diverse regions is essential to gain a clearer understanding of HMPV's epidemiology in different community settings.

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Area of HMPV that causes diseases 
and used to detect.

Infecting and Diagnosed Parts of HMPV

1. Infecting Parts of HMPV:

HMPV primarily infects the respiratory system, particularly the lower respiratory tract. The key viral components responsible for infection include:

Glycoprotein (G protein):

Helps the virus attach to host cells in the respiratory tract.

Plays a major role in initial infection by binding to receptors on epithelial cells.


Fusion Protein (F protein):

Facilitates viral entry by fusing the viral envelope with the host cell membrane.

Helps the virus spread from cell to cell.


RNA Genome:

Contains the genetic material needed for viral replication inside host cells.

HMPV


2. Diagnosed Parts of HMPV:

Diagnosis of HMPV is based on detecting the virus in respiratory secretions. The main diagnostic methods target:

Nasal or Throat Swabs:

Collected from the nasopharynx or oropharynx (upper respiratory tract).

Used for detecting viral RNA or antigens.

Respiratory Samples (e.g., Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Severe Cases):

Collected from the lungs in hospitalized patients.

Used in severe cases requiring intensive testing.

Diagnostic Tests:

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects HMPV RNA in respiratory samples.

Immunofluorescence & ELISA: Detects viral proteins (antigens) in samples.


Summary:

Infecting parts: Virus attaches to and enters epithelial cells of the respiratory tract using G and F proteins.

Diagnosed parts: Virus is detected in nasal/throat swabs or lower respiratory samples using RT-PCR or antigen tests.

Acknowledgement: AI
Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay.






Saturday, 22 February 2025

Excessive heat (āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻž)

Excessive heat

 (In Bengali and English)

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āĻĒāĻžāĻ  ā§§ā§Ļ: āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž


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āĻĄāĻžāĻƒ āĻ°āĻœāĻ¤āĻļā§āĻ­ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 

āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹:

āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŸā§‡āĻĄ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ˛, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻ¸ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ•āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¨: āĻĸāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻĸāĻžāĻ˛āĻž, āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻ°āĻ™ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨: āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻĒāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻŸā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¨: āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨: āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž, āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĢāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨: āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻ°āĻž, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤


āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹:

āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡: āĻĢā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ‰āĻ‡āĻš āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻĻ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻĒāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡: āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ“ āĻ¨ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ° āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ: āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ…āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž, āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤


āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
⭐⭐⭐⭐

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻœā§āĻžā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤


āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•: āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ-āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻœā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ē āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ (ā§Ēā§Ļ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸) āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻœāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš:
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡â€”
 * āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡
 * āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ†āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡
 * āĻœāĻ˛āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž (āĻĄāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨) āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡
 * āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ— āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡
āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš:
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡â€”
 * āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž (ā§§ā§Ļā§Ē°F āĻŦāĻž ā§Ēā§Ļ°C-āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ)
 * āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
 * āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ
 * āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ
 * āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻŋāĻŸ
 * āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ• āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻļā§āĻ•āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˜āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
 * āĻ–āĻŋāĻāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻž:
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ—
 * āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
 * āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž
 * āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ— (āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ°ā§‹āĻ—, āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸) āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡
 * āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
 * āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
 * āĻœāĻ˛āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ:
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯â€”
 * āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ
 * āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž, āĻĸāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻĸāĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
 * āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ°ā§‹āĻĻ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡
 * āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨
 * āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨
 * āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ:
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨â€”
 * āĻ¤āĻžā§ŽāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž (āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸) āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
 * āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ (āĻ›āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡)āĨ¤
 * āĻ…āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻ–ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
 * āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ° āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻœāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°āĻĢā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ›āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
 * āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ“ āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ¤āĻž:
āĻšāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ā§€ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤


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āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœāĻ“ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž:

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛: āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‹āĻ¨, āĻ–ā§‹āĻ˛āĻž āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻāĻšā§ āĻ›āĻžāĻĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ—ā§ƒāĻš āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€: āĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻ–ā§œ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˜āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ†āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻœ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ: āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻļāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻœāĻ˛āĻžāĻļā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻŸāĻ¤āĻž: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€, āĻĒā§āĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻœāĻ˛āĻžāĻļā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž: āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœ:

āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ŸāĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛āĨ¤

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āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤


āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛:

āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ: āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻ› āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ›āĻžā§ŸāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻœāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ (āĻœāĻ˛) āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ˛āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨: āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ: āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ˛āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āĻ¸āĻ‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĨ¤


āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°:

āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻ…āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

👍👍👍⭐

āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ (āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻšā§‹āĻŽ) āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ“ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹â€”

āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž:

1. āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž: āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻˇā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


2. āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ• (āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨) āĻ—ā§āĻŖ: āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


3. āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§Ÿ: āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ–āĻ°āĻš āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


4. āĻā§œ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻā§œ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤


5. āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž: āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻœāĻ˛āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ (āĻœāĻ˛) āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤



āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻžā§āĻœ:

1. āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§Ÿ: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻ°āĻš āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤


2. āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻšāĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


3. āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻ¸ā§‡āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


4. āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¤āĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤


5. āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤



āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž

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Acknowledgement: AI.

 Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay (Sridoctor).

☕☕☕☕☕


Excessive heat can be a serious health concern world wide, especially during the summer months. Here are some tips to help you stay safe and cool:


Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, juice, or sports drinks. Avoid sugary drinks, as they can dehydrate you.


Dress lightly: Wear loose-fitting, light-colored clothing.


Stay cool: Spend time in air-conditioned places, such as your home, a library, or a shopping mall. If you don't have air conditioning, take a cool shower or bath, or go for a swim.


Limit your activity: Avoid strenuous activity during the hottest part of the day. If you must be active, take breaks in the shade or in an air-conditioned place.


Eat light meals: Eat light, cool meals, such as salads or fruits. Avoid hot, heavy meals that can raise your body temperature.


Be aware of the signs of heatstroke: Heatstroke is a serious medical condition that can be fatal. Symptoms of heatstroke include a high body temperature, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

Here are some additional tips for staying cool in specific situations:


At home: Keep your home cool by using fans, air conditioners, and window coverings. You can also try cooking cool meals, such as salads or sandwiches.


At work: If you work outdoors, take breaks in the shade or in an air-conditioned place. Wear a hat and sunscreen to protect yourself from the sun.


In the car: Never leave children or pets in a parked car, even for a few minutes. The temperature inside a car can quickly become dangerously hot.


When traveling: If you are traveling to a hot climate, be sure to pack light clothing and plenty of fluids. You should also plan your activities for the cooler parts of the day.

By following these tips, you can help protect yourself from the dangers of excessive heat.

✨💕✨💕✨💕

This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. 


Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness that occurs when your body temperature rises to dangerous levels, typically above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent serious complications, including organ damage and death. Here are some key points about heatstroke:


Causes: Heatstroke occurs when your body's cooling mechanisms, such as sweating, fail to regulate your temperature effectively. This can happen due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures, strenuous physical activity in hot weather, dehydration, or certain medical conditions.


Symptoms: Heatstroke symptoms can vary but often include:


High body temperature (above 104°F or 40°C)


Confusion, disorientation, or altered mental state


Headache, dizziness, or lightheadedness


Nausea or vomiting


Rapid breathing or heart rate


Hot, dry skin or profuse sweating


Seizures or loss of consciousness



Risk factors: Certain individuals are at higher risk of heatstroke, including:


Elderly individuals


Young children


People with chronic medical conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes)


Athletes or individuals who engage in strenuous physical activity in hot weather


People who work outdoors in hot environments


Individuals who are dehydrated or obese



Prevention: The best way to prevent heatstroke is to take precautions to avoid overheating. This includes:


Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially water and electrolyte-containing beverages


Wearing lightweight, loose-fitting clothing


Limiting exposure to heat and sun, especially during the hottest parts of the day


Taking breaks in cool or shaded areas


Avoiding strenuous physical activity in hot weather


Monitoring for symptoms of heat-related illness and seeking medical attention promptly if they occur If you suspect someone is experiencing heatstroke, take the following steps:



Call emergency services immediately.


Move the person to a cooler location, such as shade or an air-conditioned space.


Remove any unnecessary clothing.


Cool the person down by applying cool water or ice packs to their body, or by spraying them with a cool mist.


Monitor their breathing and consciousness. Remember, heatstroke is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies, you can help protect yourself and others from this potentially life-threatening illness.




💕💕💕

This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. Reforestation and tree planting are important ways to combat climate change and improve the environment. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are trapping heat and causing the planet to warm. Trees also help to clean the air and water, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for wildlife. Social awareness campaigns can play a vital role in promoting reforestation and tree planting. By educating the public about the importance of trees and the benefits of reforestation, we can encourage more people to get involved in these efforts. Social awareness campaigns can also help to raise money for reforestation projects and to create a sense of community around these efforts. Here are some ways that social awareness campaigns can help to promote reforestation and tree planting:


Educate the public about the importance of trees. Social awareness campaigns can provide information about the many benefits of trees, such as their role in carbon sequestration, air and water purification, and soil conservation.


Encourage people to get involved in reforestation projects. Social awareness campaigns can promote volunteer opportunities at reforestation sites and provide information about how people can donate to support these efforts.


Create a sense of community around reforestation. Social awareness campaigns can help to connect people who are interested in reforestation and create a sense of shared purpose.


Raise money for reforestation projects. Social awareness campaigns can be used to raise money from individuals, businesses, and foundations to support reforestation efforts. Here are some specific examples of how social awareness campaigns have been used to promote reforestation and tree planting:


The Arbor Day Foundation has a number of programs that encourage people to plant trees, such as the "Plant a Tree for Your Birthday" program and the "Trees for America" program.


The Nature Conservancy has a program called "Plant a Billion Trees" that aims to plant one billion trees by 2025.


The World Wildlife Fund has a program called "Forests for Life" that works to protect and restore forests around the world. By raising awareness about the importance of trees and the benefits of reforestation, we can encourage more people to get involved in these efforts and help to create a healthier planet for all. 

💕✨💕✨

This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. Staying in a village area can offer some advantages when it comes to tackling excessive heat, but it also presents unique challenges. Here's a breakdown: Advantages:


Natural ventilation: Traditional village houses are often designed with natural ventilation in mind, with features like courtyards, open windows, and high ceilings that allow for better airflow.


Building materials: Traditional building materials like mud, thatch, and bamboo have good insulation properties, helping to keep houses cool during hot weather.


Green spaces: Villages often have more green spaces, such as trees and gardens, which provide shade and help to lower the surrounding temperature.


Proximity to water bodies: Some villages are located near water bodies like rivers or ponds, which can provide a cooling effect.


Community support: Village communities often have strong social networks, which can be helpful in sharing resources and information about coping with heat. Challenges:


Limited access to cooling technology: Air conditioners and other cooling devices may be less common in villages due to affordability or limited access to electricity.


Dependence on outdoor labor: Many villagers rely on outdoor labor for their livelihoods, such as agriculture or construction, which can expose them to extreme heat.


Limited access to healthcare: Access to healthcare facilities and medical professionals may be limited in some villages, making it difficult to get treatment for heat-related illnesses.


Vulnerable populations: Elderly individuals, children, and people with disabilities may be more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses in villages due to limited access to resources and support.


Lack of awareness: Awareness about the dangers of excessive heat and preventive measures may be lower in some villages due to limited access to information and education. Strategies for tackling excessive heat in village areas:


Promote traditional building techniques: Encourage the use of traditional building materials and designs that promote natural ventilation and insulation.


Increase green spaces: Plant more trees and create gardens around homes and public spaces to provide shade and lower temperatures.


Improve access to water: Ensure access to clean and safe drinking water, especially during hot weather.


Provide access to cooling centers: Establish community cooling centers in public buildings or community spaces where people can escape the heat.


Raise awareness: Educate villagers about the dangers of excessive heat, symptoms of heat-related illnesses, and preventive measures.


Strengthen healthcare services: Improve access to healthcare facilities and train healthcare professionals to recognize and treat heat-related illnesses.


Promote sustainable livelihoods: Encourage alternative livelihoods that are less dependent on outdoor labor during hot weather. By combining traditional knowledge with modern strategies, villages can effectively tackle excessive heat and create a more comfortable and resilient environment for their residents. This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional. Staying in a village area can offer some advantages when it comes to tackling excessive heat, but it also presents unique challenges. Here's a breakdown: Advantages:


Natural ventilation: Traditional village houses are often designed with natural ventilation in mind, with features like courtyards, open windows, and high ceilings that allow for better airflow.


Building materials: Traditional building materials like mud, thatch, and bamboo have good insulation properties, helping to keep houses cool during hot weather.


Green spaces: Villages often have more green spaces, such as trees and gardens, which provide shade and help to lower the surrounding temperature.


Proximity to water bodies: Some villages are located near water bodies like rivers or ponds, which can provide a cooling effect.


Community support: Village communities often have strong social networks, which can be helpful in sharing resources and information about coping with heat. Challenges:


Limited access to cooling technology: Air conditioners and other cooling devices may be less common in villages due to affordability or limited access to electricity.


Dependence on outdoor labor: Many villagers rely on outdoor labor for their livelihoods, such as agriculture or construction, which can expose them to extreme heat.


Limited access to healthcare: Access to healthcare facilities and medical professionals may be limited in some villages, making it difficult to get treatment for heat-related illnesses.


Vulnerable populations: Elderly individuals, children, and people with disabilities may be more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses in villages due to limited access to resources and support.


Lack of awareness: Awareness about the dangers of excessive heat and preventive measures may be lower in some villages due to limited access to information and education. Strategies for tackling excessive heat in village areas:


Promote traditional building techniques: Encourage the use of traditional building materials and designs that promote natural ventilation and insulation.


Increase green spaces: Plant more trees and create gardens around homes and public spaces to provide shade and lower temperatures.


Improve access to water: Ensure access to clean and safe drinking water, especially during hot weather.


Provide access to cooling centers: Establish community cooling centers in public buildings or community spaces where people can escape the heat.


Raise awareness: Educate villagers about the dangers of excessive heat, symptoms of heat-related illnesses, and preventive measures.


Strengthen healthcare services: Improve access to healthcare facilities and train healthcare professionals to recognize and treat heat-related illnesses.


Promote sustainable livelihoods: Encourage alternative livelihoods that are less dependent on outdoor labor during hot weather. By combining traditional knowledge with modern strategies, villages can effectively tackle excessive heat and create a more comfortable and resilient environment for their residents. 


💕💕💕

Living in Underground Homes in the Future to Combat Excessive Heat


In the future, underground homes could be an effective solution to protect against extreme heat. Below is an analysis of their advantages and challenges—

Advantages of Underground Homes:


1. Stable Temperature: Underground temperatures remain relatively constant, providing a cooler environment in summer and a warmer environment in winter.


2. Natural Insulation: Soil acts as a natural insulator, reducing the need for air conditioning.


3. Energy Efficiency: Less electricity is required for heating and cooling, leading to lower energy bills.


4. Protection from Storms and Natural Disasters: Underground homes provide safety from hurricanes, storms, and heatwaves.


5. Water Conservation: Some underground homes can utilize underground water reservoirs, which can be beneficial for storing drinking water.


Challenges of Underground Homes:


1. High Construction Costs: Excavation and building underground structures can be expensive.


2. Ventilation Issues: Without proper airflow, residents may face oxygen shortages.


3. Humidity and Dampness: Underground homes can be prone to moisture buildup, leading to mold and bacterial growth.


4. Limited Natural Light: There may be less access to sunlight, increasing the need for artificial lighting.


5. Drainage and Sewage Problems: Waterlogging can be a major issue during heavy rainfall, requiring efficient drainage systems.


Future Potential of Underground Homes


Due to global warming and environmental changes, underground housing may become a sustainable solution in the future. With advancements in technology, improvements in ventilation, sunlight penetration, and drainage can make these homes more practical.


In the coming years, both urban and rural areas might see an incr

ease in underground eco-friendly housing, especially in regions where rising temperatures make traditional living conditions challenging.


✨✨✨

Acknowledgement: AI.


 Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay (Sridoctor).




Friday, 21 February 2025

āĻ¨ā§‹āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ / Noro Virus (Diarrhea during this period)

Norovirus

Noro vs Rota

 

Noro and Rota


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Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay 


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āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ:

ā§§. āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨:

āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—, āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšāĻ­āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻœāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ

ā§¨. āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻŸāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž:

āĻŽāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž (Stool Sample) āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ RNA āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

RT-PCR āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤

āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨?

āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ:

āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž: āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻšā§‹āĻŽ, āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§āĻœ āĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ, āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ‹āĻ¤ā§āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž: āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ (āĻ¨āĻ­ā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ°-āĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛) āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ: āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ: āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž, āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĨ¤

āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ—āĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸:

āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨:

āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž, āĻ‡-āĻ•ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ: āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻĢā§āĻĄ āĻĒāĻ¯āĻŧāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚: āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯

āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž

āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻžā§Ÿ?

āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĨāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹:

āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĨ¤

āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻœāĻ˛ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ§ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž (āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ)āĨ¤

āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻœāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ§ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ ā§¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤

āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨

āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ“āĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻ‰āĻĒāĻļāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž:

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ (āĻ“āĻ†āĻ°āĻāĻ¸, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ˛)āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ—āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨?

āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤

āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ˜ā§‹āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšā§‹āĻ–ā§‡ āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻšā§āĻĒāĻšāĻžāĻĒ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤

āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/

2. World Health Organization (WHO). Norovirus. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/norovirus

3. Mayo Clinic. Norovirus Infection: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved from: https://www.may

oclinic.org/diseases-conditions/norovirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20355296



āĻ¨ā§‹āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ?

Norovirus

1. āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ (VP1 & VP2)

VP1 (āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨) āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹-āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻĄ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ (HBGAs) āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻˇāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

VP2 (āĻ—ā§ŒāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨) āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


2. RNA āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŽ

āĻāĻ•āĻ•-āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ¯āĻŧ RNA āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‹āĻŽ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€āĨ¤

ORF1 āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ RNA-āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° RNA āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻœ (RdRp) āĻ¸āĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…-āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

ORF2 āĻ“ ORF3 āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ‰āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ°ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ†āĻ° (RT-PCR) āĻ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ?

RT-PCR āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ RNA āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ ORF1-ORF2 āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ…āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛ (RNA-āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° RNA āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻœ (RdRp) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ VP1 āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨)āĨ¤

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ°ā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ (highly conserved), āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


Which part of Norovirus causes infection?

1. Capsid Proteins (VP1 & VP2)

The VP1 (major structural protein) forms the outer shell and helps the virus attach to host cells by interacting with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on intestinal epithelial cells.

VP2 (minor structural protein) stabilizes the genome inside the capsid and assists in viral assembly and replication.

2. RNA Genome

The single-stranded RNA genome contains genes responsible for viral replication and protein synthesis.

The ORF1 region encodes non-structural proteins, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is essential for viral replication.

The ORF2 and ORF3 regions encode the capsid proteins that enable host infection and immune evasion.


Which part is detected in RT-PCR for diagnosis?

RT-PCR detects Norovirus RNA, specifically targeting conserved sequences in the ORF1-ORF2 junction (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) & VP1 gene region).

This region is chosen because it is highly conserved among different Norovirus strains, allowing accurate identification.


Acknowledgement: AI data.

Dr Rajatsubhra Mukhopadhyay 



Wednesday, 19 February 2025

Sleepmaxxing (āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚)

Biological Clock

  

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āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻž (Chamomile) āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻļā§āĻŦāĻ—āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ“ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­ā§‡āĻˇāĻœāĨ¤


ā§¨. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•

āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻž:



āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻœā§āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻ—āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛:



āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ­ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ (PMR) āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻœā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ (āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‚āĻœāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋ (Orthosomnia) āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹:



āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤


ā§Š. āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻĻ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ (āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž)

āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž (āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ) āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ (āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŽā§āĻ­) āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻšāĻžāĻ° (āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯) āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻŽāĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ (āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ) āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

āĻĻā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž:



āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ (āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻļ): āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻž āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻ˜āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤

āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ (āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻœāĻ˛): āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° (āĻļāĻ¸āĻž, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛, āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻž) āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻĢ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇ (āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āĻ“ āĻœāĻ˛): āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖ, āĻŽāĻļāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° (āĻ†āĻĻāĻž, āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ) āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤

āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸:



āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— (āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ): āĻ—āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻĒāĻĻāĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ™ā§āĻ— (āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ): āĻ˜āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ (āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž): āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻĢā§‹āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ˜āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‚āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻŋ:



āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ­ā§‹āĻ° ā§Ŧ āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĨ¤


ā§Ē. āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ (āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ) āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡:



āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ°ā§€ (āĻ—ā§āĻžā§āĻœāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸): āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĨā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽ (āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸): āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡, āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ā§€ (āĻļā§€āĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸): āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§‹āĻˇāĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž (āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ):



āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸-āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨:



āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§€ (āĻĒāĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛āĻž): āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•ā§‹āĻŖāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨: āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻœāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§‚āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ (āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž): āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻĨāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ“ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ:



"āĻ“āĻŽ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ" āĻŦāĻž "āĻ¸ā§‹ āĻšāĻŽ" āĻœāĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤


ā§Ģ. āĻŦā§ˆāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ) āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€, āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ˜ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Nutrients (ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§§) āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻŸā§‹āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

Harvard Medical School (ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ļ) āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€, āĻ•āĻ—āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ (CBT-I) āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ”āĻˇāĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°āĨ¤

Charaka Samhita āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ“ āĻ“āĻœāĻ¸ (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ) āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤

International Journal of Yoga (ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§¯) āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸-āĻœāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‚āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ°āĨ¤


āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻ°: āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ—

āĻ¸ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§ˆāĻ¨

āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤


👇👇👇

References for Sleepmaxxing


1. Scientific References on Sleep


Walker, M. (2017). Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams. Scribner.


Dement, W. C., & Vaughan, C. (1999). The Promise of Sleep: A Pioneer in Sleep Medicine Explores the Vital Connection Between Health, Happiness, and a Good Night’s Sleep. Delacorte Press.


Siegel, J. M. (2009). Sleep in Animals: A State of Adaptive Inactivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(10), 747–758.



2. Diet and Sleep References


Peuhkuri, K., Sihvola, N., & Korpela, R. (2012). Diet Promotes Sleep Duration and Quality. Nutrition Research, 32(5), 309–319.


St-Onge, M. P., Mikic, A., & Pietrolungo, C. E. (2016). Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality. Advances in Nutrition, 7(5), 938–949.


Van Cauter, E., Polonsky, K. S., & Scheen, A. J. (1997). Roles of Circadian Rhythmicity and Sleep in Human Glucose Regulation. Endocrine Reviews, 18(5), 716–738.



3. Mental Health and Sleep References


Freeman, D., Sheaves, B., Waite, F., Harvey, A. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2020). Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 628–637.


Killgore, W. D. S. (2010). Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognition. Progress in Brain Research, 185, 105–129.


Mindell, J. A., & Owens, J. A. (2015). A Clinical Guide to Pediatric Sleep: Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Problems. Wolters Kluwer.



4. Ayurveda and Sleep References


Lad, V. (2002). Textbook of Ayurveda, Volume 1: Fundamental Principles. The Ayurvedic Press.


Mishra, L. C. (2003). Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies. CRC Press.


Sharma, H., & Clark, C. (2012). Contemporary Ayurveda: Medicine and Research in Maharishi Ayurveda. Churchill Livingstone.



5. Yoga and Sleep References


Satyananda Saraswati, S. (1998). Yoga Nidra. Bihar School of Yoga.


Telles, S., Naveen, K. V., Dash, M., & Nagendra, H. R. S. (2007). Yoga Reduces Symptoms of Distress in Tsunami Survivors in the Andaman Islands. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 503–509.


Khalsa, S. B. S. (2004). Treatment of Chronic Insomnia with Yoga: A Preliminary Study with Sleep–Wake Diaries. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 29(4), 269–278.



6. Modern Technology and Sleep References


Cajochen, C., Frey, S., Anders, D., Späti, J., Bues, M., Pross, A., â€Ļ & Wirz-Justice, A. (2011). Evening Exposure to a Light-Emitting Diodes (LED)-Backlit Computer Screen Affects Circadian Physiology and Cognitive Performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(5), 1432–1438.


Carter, J. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (2018). Sleep and Technology: Impact of Blue Light and Screen Time on Sleep Patterns. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(5), 731–735.


Chang, A. M., Aeschbach, D., Duffy, J. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2015). Evening Use of Light-Emitting eReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(4), 1232–1237.


7. Sobon and Spiritual Sleep References


Mukhopadhyay, R. (2020). SOBON in the VEDA. Independently Published. This work explores the Vedic concept of 'Sobon,' a process of generating 'Soma' within the body through rhythmic chanting or 'Japa,' leading to the production of positive life force and deeper spiritual consciousness. 

This addition enriches the course by integrating traditional Vedic practices with modern sleep optimization techniques.

Mukhopadhyay, R. (Upcoming). Sobon: The Yajurvedic Path to Soma and Supreme Consciousness. [Sri Yoga Center Publications]

Yajurveda (Krishna Yajurveda & Shukla Yajurveda) – Abhisheka-Yukta Yajna and Inner Fire Meditation

Swami Sivananda (1984). The Science of Pranayama. Divine Life Society.

Feuerstein, G. (1998). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy, and Practice. Hohm Press.

These references ensure that the Sleepmaxxing course is based on a combination of scientific research, traditional wisdom (A

yurveda, Yoga), modern technology, and spiritual exploration (Sobon).

N.B.  AI generated.

⭐💕⭐💕⭐💕⭐💕

Sleepmaxxing with a Holistic Approach: Diet, Psychology, Ayurveda, and Yoga

Sleepmaxxing is a growing trend focused on optimizing sleep quality and quantity for better mental and physical health. A well-rounded approach integrates diet, psychological well-being, Ayurvedic principles, and yoga to enhance sleep naturally.

1. Dietary Approaches to Enhance Sleep

Sleep-Inducing Foods:

Foods rich in tryptophan (milk, almonds, bananas, walnuts) aid serotonin and melatonin production.

Magnesium-rich foods (spinach, pumpkin seeds, dark chocolate) help relax muscles and the nervous system.

Omega-3 fatty acids (flaxseeds, walnuts, fatty fish) regulate sleep hormones.

Complex carbohydrates (oats, brown rice) boost serotonin for better sleep.

Foods to Avoid Before Bedtime:

Caffeine and stimulants (coffee, tea, chocolate) delay sleep.

Spicy foods can cause acid reflux, disrupting sleep.

Heavy meals before bed can lead to indigestion and discomfort.

Hydration & Herbal Remedies:

Warm golden milk (turmeric with milk) helps with relaxation.

Chamomile and Brahmi tea calm the nervous system.

Ashwagandha and Jatamansi are Ayurvedic adaptogens promoting sleep.

2. Psychological Well-being & Sleep

Stress & Anxiety Management:

Chronic stress increases cortisol, which disrupts the circadian rhythm.

Journaling or expressing gratitude before bed improves mental relaxation.

Cognitive Techniques:

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and deep breathing help reduce nighttime anxiety.

Visualization techniques (imagining peaceful places) aid in faster sleep onset.

Avoiding Sleep Anxiety (Orthosomnia):

Over-fixation on perfect sleep can paradoxically worsen sleep quality.

Practicing acceptance-based relaxation helps reduce sleep anxiety.

3. Ayurvedic Principles for Sleep (Nidra in Ayurveda)

Ayurveda recognizes Nidra (sleep) as one of the three pillars of health (Traya Upasthambha), alongside Ahara (diet) and Brahmacharya (self-discipline).

Understanding Ayurvedic Body Types & Sleep Needs:

Vata Dosha (Air & Ether): Light sleepers prone to insomnia. Need grounding foods (ghee, warm milk, nuts).

Pitta Dosha (Fire & Water): Heat-sensitive, prone to night waking. Cooling foods (cucumber, coconut, fennel tea) help.

Kapha Dosha (Earth & Water): Deep sleepers but prone to oversleeping. Light, warm, and stimulating foods (ginger, cinnamon) help.

Ayurvedic Sleep Rituals:

Abhyanga (Oil Massage): Applying warm sesame or Brahmi oil calms the nervous system.

Padabhyanga (Foot Massage): Massaging the feet with ghee or sandalwood oil enhances deep sleep.

Nasya Therapy: Applying a few drops of cow ghee or Brahmi oil in the nostrils helps insomnia.

Ideal Sleep Timings According to Ayurveda:

Sleeping by 10 PM aligns with the body's natural melatonin cycle.

Waking up before 6 AM ensures optimal circadian rhythm.

4. Yogic Practices for Better Sleep

Pranayama (Breath Control) for Sleep Optimization:

Bhramari (Humming Bee Breath): Activates the parasympathetic system, calming the mind.

Anulom-Vilom (Alternate Nostril Breathing): Balances left and right brain activity, aiding relaxation.

Sheetali (Cooling Breath): Reduces Pitta-related sleep disturbances.

Yoga Nidra (Yogic Sleep):

A guided relaxation technique that helps achieve a deep state of restful awareness, reducing stress-related insomnia.

Asanas (Postures) Before Bed:

Viparita Karani (Legs-Up-the-Wall Pose): Reduces stress and enhances circulation.

Supta Baddha Konasana (Reclining Bound Angle Pose): Releases stored tension in the hips.

Balasana (Child’s Pose): Relaxes the nervous system.

Mantras & Sleep:

Chanting "Om Shanti Shanti Shanti" or "So Hum" before bed calms mental fluctuations.


5. Scientific & Medical References

Research on Sleep & Diet:

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) found that high glycemic index foods before bed promote sleep.

Research in Nutrients (2021) highlights the role of tryptophan-rich diets in enhancing sleep quality.

Psychological Aspects of Sleep:

Harvard Medical School research (2020) confirms that cognitive therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is more effective than sleep medication.

Ayurvedic & Yogic References:

Charaka Samhita describes Nidra (sleep) as a crucial element for Ojas (vital energy).

A Journal of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine (2022) study found that Ashwagandha improves sleep onset latency.

International Journal of Yoga (2019) confirms Yoga Nidra significantly reduces stress-related insomnia.

Conclusion: Balancing Sleepmaxxing for Holistic Well-being

Rather than obsessing over sleep perfection, integrating diet, psychological resilience, Ayurveda, and yoga ensures natural, restful sleep without dependency on artificial aids. 

A mindful Sri Samsar Yoga approach at our Sri Yoga Center Ashram in Kunarpur, 722161, —balancing spiritual and practical life—can further enhance sleep as a soul-rejuvenating process.

👇

N.B. AI generated.



Friday, 14 February 2025

Uroflowmetry interpretation

Uroflowmetry
 āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž āĻ“ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
(āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤)


āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋ (Bladder) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€ (Urethra)-āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

ā§§. āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŽ (Voiding Time)āĻ•āĻŋ?  āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?

āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ Voiding Time āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ –

Bladder Outlet Obstruction (āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž)

Underactive Bladder (āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋ)

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž:

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§Ļ-ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ .,  āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§Ģ-ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ

(āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻšāĻ¤āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤)

---

ā§¨. āĻĒā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ-āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻĄ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ (PVR) āĻ­āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋ?

āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤

āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?

āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš PVR āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ –

Obstruction (āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž),    Bladder Muscle Weakness (āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž)

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž: 

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž:  PVR āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ†āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĨ¤

āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ PVR (~10 mL āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤) āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž:

< ā§Ģā§Ļ mL → āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•

ā§Ģā§Ļ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ mL → āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ (Borderline)

> ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ mL → āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•

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ā§Š. āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ

(A) Voided Volume (āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ)

āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž:

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž: ā§Ģā§Ļ-ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļ mL

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€: ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļ-ā§Ēā§Ļā§Ļ mL

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ: ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ-ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ mL

(āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤)

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(B) Flow Time (āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ):  āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž:

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§Ļ-ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§Ģ-ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ

(āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤)

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(C) Time to Maximum Flow (āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ)

āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāĻžāĻ° (Qmax)-āĻ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—ā§‡āĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž:

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž: ā§¨-ā§Ŧ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻž: ā§¨-ā§§ā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ

(āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻ‡āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤)

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ā§Ē. āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻž (Qmax āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Qave)

(āĻŦā§ŸāĻ¸ āĻ“ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­ā§‡āĻĻā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤)

āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯:  Qmax (āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāĻžāĻ°):

āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§¯.ā§Šā§Š mL/s, āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§Ŧ.ā§¯ mL/s

Qave (āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāĻžāĻ°):

āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ°āĻž: ā§§ā§§.ā§¨ā§Ģ mL/s, āĻ›ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĻž: ā§¯.ā§Ŧ mL/s

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯:  Qmax (āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāĻžāĻ°):

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ (ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻŽ): ā§¨ā§§-ā§¨ā§Ģ mL/s

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ (ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ): āĻŦā§ŸāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ (āĻ°āĻœā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡): ā§¨ā§§.ā§Ž mL/s , āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€ (āĻ°āĻœā§‹āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡): ā§§ā§­.ā§Ģā§¯ mL/s

Qave (āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāĻžāĻ°):

āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ: ā§§ā§Ļ-ā§§ā§Ģ mL/s, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§€: ā§§ā§¨-ā§§ā§Ž mL/s


ā§Ģ. āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻž

✅ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĨ¤

✅ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§€ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

✅ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ (āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ) āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤

(āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°: āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻž)

[AI GENERATED]


Tuesday, 11 February 2025

āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž( Treatment of Hydrocele without Operation)

 

āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§‡āĻ•āĻļāĻ¨: āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ

Hydrocele (indirect theme)


ā§¨ā§Ļ āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻĒāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§‡āĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ (āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸) āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻœā§‡āĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤


Hydrocele Management without Operation

āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž

1. āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°ā§‹āĻĨā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž: āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§ˆāĻ¤-āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻ°â€ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻœāĻĄ āĻ—āĻŦā§‡āĻˇāĻŖāĻž
(2014, Journal of Urology)

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2. āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°ā§‹āĻĨā§‡āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĄā§‹āĻœ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°â€Œā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻœāĻĄ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛
(2011, Journal of Urology)

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(āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°: Journal of Urology, 2011 & 2014)

We are also using the same technique in CHILD HEALTH CARE ARAMBAG in very affordable cost.

Tuesday, 4 February 2025

Health Impacts on California Fire.

The wildfires in California have serious short-term and long-term health effects, affecting both direct victims and people exposed to wildfire smoke. Here’s how they impact health: 1. Short-Term Health Effects đŸ”Ĩ Smoke Inhalation: Wildfire smoke contains carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene, and formaldehyde, which can cause: Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat Coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness Headaches and dizziness (due to CO exposure) đŸ”Ĩ Respiratory Issues: Those with asthma, COPD, or other lung diseases may experience: Increased asthma attacks and hospital visits Worsening of chronic bronchitis Reduced lung function even in healthy individuals đŸ”Ĩ Heart Risks: The toxic air can trigger heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure, especially in the elderly and people with cardiovascular disease. đŸ”Ĩ Mental Health Effects: Survivors may suffer from: PTSD, anxiety, and depression Sleep disturbances and emotional distress 2. Long-Term Health Effects đŸŒĢ Lung Damage & Chronic Diseases: Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 and toxic gases can lead to: Reduced lung development in children Higher risk of lung cancer Persistent inflammation, increasing risk of respiratory infections 🧠 Cognitive & Neurological Effects: Studies link chronic pollution exposure to dementia and memory loss Wildfire stress can lead to brain fog and poor concentration đŸ‘ļ Pregnancy & Infant Risks: Exposure to wildfire smoke during pregnancy can cause low birth weight, premature birth, and developmental issues in babies. Who Are the Most Vulnerable? Children & Elderly (weaker immune and respiratory systems) Pregnant women (higher risk for fetal complications) People with pre-existing conditions (asthma, heart disease, diabetes) Firefighters & Rescue Workers (prolonged exposure to toxic smoke) Preventive Measures ✅ Stay indoors with air purifiers and keep windows closed ✅ Wear N95 masks if going outside ✅ Stay hydrated and eat antioxidant-rich food ✅ Monitor air quality using apps like AQI index ✅ If symptoms worsen, seek medical attention immediately ⭐⭐⭐⭐ The California government has implemented several initiatives to mitigate the health impacts of wildfires and enhance community resilience: 1. Wildfire Resilience Program In 2021, California invested $1.5 billion in wildfire resilience, significantly increasing from the previous $200 million. This funding launched over 552 projects, including prescribed burns, strategic fuel breaks, and home hardening, aiming to protect watersheds, wildlands, and communities. 2. Forest Health Grants Administered by CAL FIRE, these grants fund active restoration and reforestation activities to create more resilient forests. The program supports projects that mitigate climate change, protect communities from fire risk, and improve California's water and air quality. Eligible applicants include local agencies, universities, Native American tribes, private forest landowners, and non-profit organizations. 3. Wildfire Prevention Grants Program As of August 2024, CAL FIRE announced grants totaling $90.8 million for 94 local wildfire prevention projects across California. Over the past five years, more than $450 million has been awarded to over 450 projects. These initiatives focus on hazardous fuels reduction, wildfire prevention planning, and education, emphasizing public health and safety while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These initiatives reflect California's commitment to addressing the health impacts of wildfires through proactive prevention, community engagement, and substantial investment in resilience projects. 👍👍👍👍 UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) play crucial roles in addressing the health impacts of wildfires, focusing on vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. UNICEF's Initiatives: Guidance on Protecting Children: UNICEF provides comprehensive resources to help parents and caregivers safeguard children from the harmful effects of wildfire smoke. These include tips on creating emergency plans, recognizing symptoms of smoke exposure, and ensuring indoor air quality. Research and Technical Notes: In May 2024, UNICEF published a technical note highlighting that particulate matter from wildfires is approximately ten times more harmful to children's respiratory health than typical air pollution. The document offers guidance for health providers and policymakers on mitigating these risks. WHO's Role: While specific WHO interventions in the context of California wildfires are not detailed in the provided sources, WHO generally collaborates with national and local health authorities to: Develop Health Guidelines: WHO establishes global guidelines on air quality and health responses to wildfire smoke exposure. Provide Technical Support: WHO offers expertise to enhance emergency preparedness and response strategies for health crises resulting from wildfires. In summary, both UNICEF and WHO contribute significantly to mitigating the health impacts of wildfires through research, guidance, and support to health systems, with a particular emphasis on protecting vulnerable populations. ⭐💕💕💕💕

HMPV (in Bengali)

 āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ HMPV āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: HMPV (Human Metapneumovirus) āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ“ ...